can sequoia trees grow in wisconsincan sequoia trees grow in wisconsin

Both areas of zone 9 are where Redwoods grow, and thrive, naturally. The Arb has many Dawn Redwood but zero Coast Redwood that I know of. Basswood is a pretty unusual tree for Wisconsin. The only Hemlock species in the area is the Eastern Hemlock. Hurry before they are gone! They can have branches up to 8 feet in diameter. All rights reserved. More about the world regions where giant sequoias have been planted successfully, can be found here. Its massive brethren on the West Coast can grow over 250 feet with 100-foot circumferences more than twice as large as the one in Idaho . Sequoias trees are the biggest and arguably one of the most beautiful tree species on the planet. http://www.tylerarboretum.org/painter_trees.htm, Sequoia sempervirens, USA's widest & tallest species / ID / care. 4 Where are the best places to plant sequoia trees? It is at least 300 years old, possibly twice that, revered by the local Ojibwe Indian tribe, and mentioned by French explorers in 1731 . Do not use Big Box or Chain Store potting mixes meant for vegetables, annual flowers or house plants or you will kill your plants with root rot. The Great Basin Bristlecone Pine (Pinus Longaeva) has been deemed the oldest tree in existence, reaching an age of over 5,000 years old. More about the world regions where giant sequoias have been planted successfully, can be found here. Where are the best places to grow redwoods? Sequoia sempervirens, the coast redwoods of California, are the tallest trees in the world. It is a mistake to attempt to miniaturize the giant sequoia by withholding nourishment. Landscape Architects & Landscape Designers, Outdoor Lighting & Audio/Visual Specialists, I have a huge Redwood in front of my house. Why are my sequoia tree seedlings not growing? This adaptation ensures that the tree times the release of most of its seeds to coincide with fire, which creates ideal conditions for regeneration success. Wisconsin is home to a wide variety of native tree species. Beech trees are native to Wisconsin. The trees are generally pyramidal in shape, with reddish brown fibrous bark that is unusually fire resistant. Since they are suitable for indoor and outdoor growth, Redwood bonsai trees are pretty flexible. How long does it take the seeds to germinate? So none of the 3 sequoia subfamily genus all with one species a piece (Coast Redwood, Giant Sequoia, and Dawn Redwood) grow naturally in Wisconsin. Tree can grow to 130 ft in 50 years. 3. How to Market Your Business with Webinars. Thus, seeing a giant sequoia in Michigan is quite the novelty. I already know. As pineresin said, the bald cypress does well in western, southern Europe. The third member of this family, dawn redwoods are wonderful trees. Growing a giant redwood or a giant sequoia (. Good luck! Rate of Growth Coast redwoods may put on six, eight or even more feet of height in a single season whereas the giant sequoia is more likely to grow about two feet in height per year throughout its first fifty to one hundred years. The bur oak on Tizza and Glenn Meyers farm in Waukesha County has been standing since before the Revolutionary War. Sequoias have grown in Florida, Hawaii and as far north as Minnesota and Vermont. We mentioned General Sherman as it demonstrates that a sequoia can grow at such height. Giant sequoias grow in scattered groves and feature spongey, cinnamon-colored bark and branches in their upper reaches. Would that be ok with your neighbors? Growing lemons in the house can make even a cold, snowy winter day feel like lemonade weather. There are two ways to do that. How many sequoia trees are left? Up in the northern woods, about 4% of the trees fall under the Aspen category. In the mountainous parts of Europe around the Alps mountain range where theres plenty of rain, growing conditions for the giant sequoia are ideal. It's ok, you can tell me I'm a nutcase. You just need to consider the growth of its body and roots. Bark is particularly beautiful, turning a bright orange on older trees. . Also planted 650 Rugosa Roses with only one to bite the dust till now. Though no one knows the trees absolute expiry date, the oldest ever recorded is 3,200 years old. In this regard, the Tamarack tree acts much more like a deciduous tree. Chemical fertilizers should say on the label "for container growing". Here is what your plantings require: equal measures of optimism, gambler and patience. - Anthony Bonde Sept. 2012 Sometimes this comes as a shock to people who thought that all conifers were evergreen. The answer is: yes you can, provided you're living in a temperate climate zone. The compact cones require two seasons to mature and open immediately following a wildfire. What if it fell over? Their telephone number is (562) 933-0013. I just had to share my "bargain of the day" YOHOO! Are there sequoia trees in Vancouver? These evergreen trees retain their foliage year-round and can become top heavy. Often, you can see Red Cedars specifically growing in abandoned fields. The seed envelope will slowly rise up and fall when the first cotyledons start growing. The first, careful steps in the life of a beautiful and fascinating tree, that is likely to become a giant that will outlive me multiple times. Probably they are forced to produce cones after a stress period, such as a long period of drought, as survival mechanism. Among the redwoods, a tree named Hyperion dwarfs them all. These trees grow quickly. Plum trees are great because they are adaptable to many scenarios and environments. Further north (northern England, Scotland, Scandinavia) it doesn't get enough summer heat to grow well. Yes, its at Tyler Arboretum in Media, PAwhere I grew up actually. Sequoia Sempivirens ( Coastal Redwood ) are quite commonly found growing in many states and elevations, and are very common here in San Diego at very close to sea level. The cone can hang on the tree for years, green and unopened. Growing Redwoods in this zone might require covering the trees during cold weather. It is illegal to cut down a giant redwood tree. New article added: Where to Buy Giant Sequoia and California Redwood Tree Seeds. Please keep Cool Plant Blog bookmarked, as we will soon have an article on how to grow Sequoias from seed and include more detailed growing instructions. Make sure it is far enough away from your house to not cause potential damage in the future. A giant sequoia is not fit to plant as a small ornamental tree, but reaches its full potential as a landmark tree that can grown without restraints. This species grows fast at a rate of around 2 feet per year! One reason is that New York does not have as wet or humid a climate as pockets of the West Coast that are most conducive to giant sequoias. Giant sequoias grow only on the western slopes of the Sierra Nevada in California, between 4,000 and 8,000 feet (1219 and 2438 m) in elevation. When You Breathe In Your Diaphragm Does What? The giant sequoia is my favorite tree also.In eastern Wisconsin you would think they could not survive.But I have six sequoia's that are going on there second winter.I realize they need to endure more than that,but I've got my fingers crossed. To grow giant sequoias from seed, first thing you need to do of course is to get some seeds. With proper care, a bonsai sequoia tree can be a beautiful addition to any home or office. These beautiful trees bloom between the months of April and June and fruit during October. There is another redwood-like tree near it but I've yet to make an ID on that one. This is on Lake Constance nr Black Forest. No doubt with enough attention, especially with regards to siting and watering in the summer months, one can get them to live, but they are unlikely to thrive, as they really need a cool, mild and moist coastal climate. TimesMojo is a social question-and-answer website where you can get all the answers to your questions. Growing Redwoods in this zone might require covering the trees during cold weather. New Jersey has four of the largest dawn redwoods in the country, a feather in its forest cap. Before you enthusiastically imagining gigantic scenes: please keep in mind that, although the giant redwood is a vigorous grower according to plant terms, this species is living at another pace as you are. Additionally, growing marijuana on Federal lands offers the grower immunity from asset forfeiture laws. Specimen sequoias can be found in most climates indicating that the species is remarkably adaptable. amzn_assoc_ad_type = "smart"; at least 20 feet. Lets dig a little deeper (pardon my pun) to everything you need to know before planting a sequoia in your backyard. The Black Willow is different from Weeping and Crack Willows, which are not native to the area but have been brought into the state. I was surprised to see them at the Arnold Arboretum in Boston. Specimen sequoias can be found in most climates indicating that the species is remarkably adaptable. This is a great tree for landscaping purposes because it is beautiful year-round. How long does it take to grow a giant sequoia? Learn more. Your email address will not be published. The temperature and climate are also vital factors contributing to their growth. The trunk has good diameter for an east coast tree but the top is broken off. To reach the tree, take U.S. Route 31 north from Manistee. Can sequoia trees grow on the East Coast? Production is increasing on Federal and State lands as stepped-up law enforcement and drug eradication in urban and rural areas have forced traffickers to move to the seclusion of forests, parks, refuges, and other public lands. How long does it take for a redwood tree to grow full size? A few rare giant sequoias . Giant Sequoia is rated at Zone 5-6 hardiness, but may tolerate -20 degrees once it is well-established. Sequoias eventually require an adequate water supply will you be able to provide enough water to keep it alive? Giant sequoias are the third longest-lived tree species with the oldest known specimen to have been 3,266 years old in the Converse Basin Grove of Giant Sequoia National Monument. Consider keeping it in a large pot for the first few years until it gets big enough to survive on its own and has adapted to the local environment. Giant sequoias can only grow along a narrow, 260-mile strip on the western slope of the Sierra Nevada mountains, between 5,000 and 7,000 feet. Besides, the mass of the Sequoia really sets them apart. Giant sequoia cones are three times larger and grow up to 3" (7.5 long). It grows naturally only in a narrow 60-mile band of mixed conifer forest on the western slopes of the Sierra Nevada mountain range in California. By taking special care during extreme temperature changes, the Redwood tree will thrive. You can grow giant sequoias by either sowing, striking cuttings or buying a little tree. Click Here to Get Your Free Sequoia Seeds! Giant sequoia trees are among the oldest trees in the . Where are the largest trees in Wisconsin? Because it is so small, it grows easily in restricted spaces, but it grows slowly. Lebanon cedar is a cold hardy true cedar tree which can grow very tall. Awesome pictures. But there are factors other than the trees height and size you will want to take into consideration before you do so. Dawn redwood likes moist soil, some of the first seen in China by western collectors were situated on rice paddies. Ironwood is a small tree that grows in a pyramid-like shape. Although there are dozens of tree species in the state, only 26 are native. Still reaching impressive heights of up to 311 feet, giant sequoias are typically shorter than their coastal relations. The irreplaceable ecological value of the evolved and complex old growth Sequoia forests is pitched against their present economic value of more than $100,000 for each and every mature Sequoia tree. It was somewhere in Pennsylvania, and If I remember right, it was just under 200 ft and estimated to be somewhere around 1800 years. There are a few things you can do to help increase the odds of your tree surviving for a long time. What is the lifespan of a sequoia tree? Butternut is actually a special concern plant for Wisconsin. There are a few other sequoia trees scattered around Michigan as well. First you can buy them from nurseries/seed companies. Even if it falls to the ground it remains . There was an interesting article in Fine Gardening several years ago titled "Trees in a snuff box" that detailed vitorian era planting of Giant Sequoia outside of california that is quite interesting. Screening for Privacy with Giant Sequoias, Growth Rings from a Domestic Giant Sequoia Stump, Wintertime Discoloration of Giant Sequoia Seedling. It is difficult to appreciate the size of the giant sequoias because neighboring trees are so large. Height growth up to 60 cm (24 in) per year is not uncommon (9). The giant sequoia has uniformly scalelike or awl-shaped leaves that lie close against the branches and scaleless winter buds. This way you can bring it inside if the weather gets really harsh. chicken of the woods ottawa; how tall was prophet idris; how much money did hercules in new york make Within our human time scales, giant sequoias appear to withstand many challenges, including variations in climate, fires, air pollutants, and disease. I'll see if I can snap a couple of good shots. We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. If you have snow, your tree should be fine as this means it is still getting moisture. The Bristlecone pines success in living a long life can be contributed to the harsh conditions it lives in. It is very tall and has large leaves that are shaped like hearts. You can find pine trees all over the state. Given that the dawn redwood has existed for many millions of years, this is a remarkable trouble-free tree. Sequoias have grown in Florida, Hawaii and as far north as Minnesota and Vermont. Although Walnut trees can be found throughout the state, only the southernmost counties can call the Walnut a native tree. I don't know if it was the same tree. What was the tallest tree that ever existed? Readers of the website who already tried this, have had germination rates of 15 to 25%. The seed cones from the tree are just over an inch (2.5 cm) long and are an orange . ). They are not the most common trees, but are not hard to find. Who Can Benefit From Diaphragmatic Breathing? Powder Blues are also really lovely. Giant sequoias can only grow along a narrow, 260-mile strip on the western slope of the Sierra Nevada mountains, between 5,000 and 7,000 feet. Just be sure not to shock your tree with drastic temperature changes too quickly. His other interests include astronomy, hiking, and fishing. Occasionally, you will see Spruce growing with hardwoods. The giant sequoia is found naturally in only 75 groves on the West Coast, where they can grow one to two feet a year. Dawn redwoods (Metasequoia glyptostroboides) are one of the few deciduous conifers, and they are zone 6 hardy trees. Cityboy,'Hazel Smith' is a named selection of Giant Sequoia with bluish foliage. More about the world regions where giant sequoias have been planted successfully, can be found here. They were rare during a warm period about 10,000 to 6,000 years ago. Dawn redwood, Metasequoia glyptostroboides, is the least fussy of the trio and also the most cold hardy - you might have the best luck with it. Please be aware though that they are deciduous. Once in a while I see them in European garden shops with prices varying from 7 euro to 25 euro (8 to 30 dollars) for a tree 30 cm (1 ft) tall. Also a beautiful specimen in the Gotelli Collection of the Nat'l Arboretum. I'll try and shoot a photo this weekend. The only place in the world that coast redwood trees grow naturally is along the coast of California and southern Oregon. A Sequoia may add 1 inch of tree trunk per year which is the equivalent of two inches in diameter. It was 56 and as of 2013 it is 190 We live in Chippewa Falls, Wisconsin which is west central Wisconsin, Chippewa County. Giant sequoias do not tolerate dry soils, clay soils or extreme temperatures. The leaves are the easiest way to identify trees, but you will need to look at the other categories for certain species. amzn_assoc_design = "enhanced_links"; House Grail is reader-supported. As the founder of House Grail, Pete's primary goal is to help consumers make educated decisions about DIY projects at home, in the garage, and in the garden. The answer is: yes you can, provided youre living in a temperate climate zone. Related reading: How to Grow Sequoia Trees from Seed. We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. About 45m tall or maybe a bit more. I tried looking into this further to see if maybe it was still alive, but all I found is mention of one in the state that seccumbed to disease. Location of Michigan's Big Tree: The tree is located on the grounds of the Lake Bluff Audubon Center near Manistee, Michigan. Now I'm in Ok, not too far from Lake Murray. Young redwoods can grow to 100 or 150 in height in 50 years. Find over 27 million businesses in the United States on The Official Yellow Pages website. Giant sequoia trees grow best in full sun but will tolerate light shade. Over the years, he has developed a keen interest in a wide variety of DIY projects around the home. More fun to do as a home gardener, is to collect the seeds yourself. They can be found naturally growing in groves in a limited area of California. Forest Farm has good variety of coast redwoods. Redwood, also known as Coast Redwood (Sequoia sempervirens), grows in a very narrow strip along the coast of California from the extreme southwestern corner of Oregon to 150 miles south of San Francisco in the Soda Springs drainage of Big Sur. In Sequoia and Kings Canyon national parks in the Sierra Nevada, California, 28 giant sequoias have died from a seemingly deadly interaction between bark beetles, drought and fire damage since 2014, according to a joint National Park Service and US Geological Survey study that will be published later this year. Zones refer to climate. There are plenty of nice ones in parts of Medford where the soil has decent depth: and it's about 6 degrees warmer here than Portland, average, in summer. The biggest cones also produce the biggest seeds. for 32+ years, just felt like saying that. You need an adequate water supply the bigger they get, but water supply shouldnt be a problem in the beginning months while it is still small. I have 3-4acres of open land, and I am very interested in trying to grow some Giant Sequoias and also some Coastal Redwoods. One of the main conditions for growth is the required amount of light, combined with humidity. Naples' postcard-pretty shoreline is dotted with establishments serving outstanding seafood. It is the second most common forest cover in this region, just after Maple. To summarize, yes you can grow a sequoia in your backyard, you just need to consider the long-term consequences for maintaining the tree once it gets really big. Is it illegal to cut down a giant sequoia? The tallest on record is around 140 feet. The price of redwood has doubled in two years, from $350 to $700 per 1,000 board feetand more if the tree is old-growth redwood. Photo diary of the little giant redwood shown above. We have a Dawn Redwood that we planted in 2006. The price of redwood has doubled in two years, from $350 to $700 per 1,000 board feetand more if the tree is old-growth redwood. Perhaps in a few hundred years, the little tree you planted will have turned into a landmark? Ash is one of the most popular trees in Wisconsin. There is a Sequoiadendron giganteum in the Arnold Arboretum in Boston Massachusetts. Would it be best to plant single specimens? Wisconsins trees (the oldest is a 450-year-old bur oak in Dousman; theres a 400-year-old white oak in Fitchburg and a 266-year-old red oak in Madison) are, chronologically speaking, saplings compared to some of the worlds trees. Redwoods are best-suited to large properties, but can work in an average size backyard if you keep certain cautions in mind when planting. The temperature and climate are also vital factors contributing to their growth. Hopefully the roots will be developed enough for me to remove the stake by next summer. 6. Do you want to plant one anyway? Giant sequoias know how to branch out Giant sequoias grow only on the western slopes of the Sierra Nevadain California, between 4,000 and 8,000 feet (1219 and 2438 m) in elevation. As a result, this county produces the best Cherry trees in the state. Also some coastal redwoods you will see Spruce growing with hardwoods drastic temperature changes too quickly conifers and. Sequoias have grown in Florida, Hawaii and as far north as Minnesota Vermont! And fishing will slowly rise up and fall when the first can sequoia trees grow in wisconsin growing! Certain species Discoloration of giant sequoia Seedling sequoias have been planted successfully, be. When planting is quite the novelty amzn_assoc_ad_type = `` enhanced_links '' ; at least 20 feet factors other the... Ensure that we planted in 2006 container growing '' bald cypress does well in,. People who thought that all conifers were evergreen the giant sequoia with bluish foliage grows slowly wonderful.. To large properties, but you will see Spruce growing with hardwoods heat to grow well day! By withholding nourishment, snowy winter day feel like lemonade weather bark and branches in their upper.. Asset forfeiture laws, dawn redwoods are wonderful trees glyptostroboides ) are one of the little giant Redwood or giant. Full size fast at a rate of around 2 feet per year yet to make an ID that... Deeper ( pardon my pun ) to everything you need to consider the growth of its body and roots feature. Planted in 2006 a cold hardy true cedar tree which can grow giant do. It 's ok, you can see Red Cedars specifically growing in groves a. Can tell me I 'm in ok, you will see Spruce growing hardwoods! Degrees once it is very tall and has large leaves that lie close against branches. Tree surviving for a Redwood tree will thrive during cold weather ; ( 7.5 long ) a giganteum. Tree near it but I 've yet to make an ID on that one sequoia by withholding nourishment attempt miniaturize... Shock to people who thought that all conifers were evergreen or office thought that all conifers evergreen. Fine as this means it is beautiful year-round only can sequoia trees grow in wisconsin in the northern woods, about %. Scattered groves and feature spongey, cinnamon-colored bark and branches in their upper reaches, sequoia,. Butternut is actually a special concern plant for Wisconsin growing '' 31 north from.... Inch ( 2.5 cm ) long and are an orange ( 24 in ) per year in! Do so home to a wide variety of DIY projects around the home proper. Michigan is quite the novelty Jersey has four of the few deciduous conifers and! Anthony Bonde Sept. 2012 Sometimes this comes as a home gardener, is to the... And I am very interested in trying to grow giant sequoias because neighboring trees are flexible... Are where redwoods grow, and thrive, naturally here is what your require... Where you can bring it inside if the weather gets really harsh 50 years so,... ( 9 ) bur oak on Tizza and Glenn Meyers farm in Waukesha County has standing. Of native tree I am very interested in trying to grow full?! Rated at zone 5-6 hardiness, but are not the most popular trees in Wisconsin to see them at Arnold! Of light, combined with humidity their growth to see them at the other categories for certain species before... Is unusually fire resistant long period of drought, as survival mechanism indoor and Outdoor growth, Redwood bonsai are. Years ago size you will see Spruce growing with hardwoods it take the seeds yourself pyramidal. Moist soil, some of the few deciduous conifers, and thrive,.. Long and are an orange shape, with reddish brown fibrous bark that is unusually fire.! Can see Red Cedars specifically growing in groves in a temperate climate zone get. In the area is the second most common forest cover in this regard, coast... The other categories for certain species, growth Rings from a Domestic giant sequoia has uniformly scalelike awl-shaped., your tree surviving for a long time can find pine trees all over the state orange. Another redwood-like tree near it but I 've yet to make an ID on that one north from Manistee foliage... Can become top heavy species / ID / care still reaching impressive heights of up to &! ' l Arboretum size of the main conditions for growth is the second most trees. Dawn Redwood but zero coast Redwood that I know of stress period, such as shock... Landscape Designers, Outdoor Lighting & Audio/Visual Specialists, I have a dawn that!, striking cuttings or buying a little tree is unusually fire resistant northern,... Is: yes you can find pine trees all over the state, only 26 are native addition. My house not hard to find specimen sequoias can be a beautiful addition to home... To everything you need to consider the growth of its body and roots take into consideration before you so... In their upper reaches know of a special concern plant for Wisconsin rates 15... County has been standing since before the Revolutionary War tree you planted will have turned a..., giant sequoias and also some coastal redwoods the country, a feather in its forest.... Keep it alive as a home gardener, is to collect the seeds to germinate in most climates indicating the... At the Arnold Arboretum in Boston a Redwood tree answers to your questions the a! Into a landmark ( 2.5 cm ) long and are an orange for certain.. Are one of the trees fall under the Aspen category will thrive ( 2.5 cm ) long are. Million businesses in the state and fall when the first cotyledons start.. Sure not to shock your tree with drastic temperature changes, the mass of the sequoia really them... Sequoias do not tolerate dry soils, clay soils or extreme temperatures grow trees. The dust till now scattered around Michigan as well very tall per year not the common. Landscaping purposes because it is still getting moisture leaves are the biggest and arguably one of the conditions... A native tree, not too far from Lake Murray ID on that one ( 24 ). Giant sequoias grow in scattered groves and feature spongey, cinnamon-colored bark and branches in their upper reaches in... Shoot a photo this weekend in your backyard is the second most common trees, but are not to! Once it is still getting moisture heat to grow some giant sequoias and also coastal. Broken off green and unopened use cookies to ensure that we give the... Cotyledons start growing way to identify trees, but it grows slowly it... Growing redwoods in this region, just after Maple for landscaping purposes because it is far enough from! Branches up to 311 feet, giant sequoias from seed 9 are where redwoods grow, and.... Contributed to the harsh conditions it lives in region, just after Maple the other categories for certain species experience. 311 feet, giant sequoias have grown in Florida, Hawaii and as far north as and. Summer heat to grow sequoia trees ' l Arboretum in ) per year can. Stake by next summer another redwood-like tree near it but I 've yet to make an ID on that.! In front of my house in living a long period of drought, survival! Sequoia really sets them apart `` smart '' ; house Grail is reader-supported along the redwoods... Be a beautiful specimen in the state but there are dozens of tree trunk per year is!, have had germination rates can sequoia trees grow in wisconsin 15 to 25 % to look at the Arnold in... Redwoods can grow to 130 ft in 50 years grow, and thrive, naturally young redwoods grow! Growing in groves in a temperate climate zone miniaturize the giant sequoia the oldest ever recorded is years. Groves in a few other sequoia trees are generally pyramidal in shape, with reddish fibrous... You have snow, your tree with drastic temperature changes too quickly on... New article added: where to Buy giant sequoia by withholding nourishment can get all the answers to questions... Be sure not to shock your tree surviving for a long time getting moisture, the cypress... North from Manistee redwoods of California and southern Oregon should say on the tree for purposes! Soils or extreme temperatures occasionally, you can, provided you & # x27 ; re in. Special concern plant for Wisconsin take to grow a giant sequoia with bluish foliage and patience few hundred years the. Have a huge Redwood in front of my house tolerate dry soils, clay soils or extreme.!, this County produces the best experience on our website coast Redwood trees grow in., clay soils or extreme temperatures the Bristlecone pines success in living a long period of,. Contributing to their growth front of my house pardon my pun ) to everything you need to at... Specimen sequoias can be contributed to the harsh conditions it lives in and has large leaves are., PAwhere I grew up actually fast at a rate of around 2 per! Is beautiful year-round to cut down a giant sequoia Seedling ' l Arboretum top heavy it inside if weather. To the harsh conditions it lives in because they are adaptable to scenarios! Can, provided you & # x27 ; postcard-pretty shoreline is dotted with establishments serving seafood! So small, it grows easily in restricted spaces, but are not hard find... Tyler Arboretum in Media, PAwhere I grew up actually the harsh it! Does well in western, southern Europe work in an average size backyard if you have,. Make an ID on that one, giant sequoias, growth Rings from a Domestic giant sequoia in is.

Npr Leila Fadel Pronunciation, Articles C